(Immuno Electron Microscopy)
Áß¾Ó´ëÇб³ Àǰú´ëÇÐ ÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æ½Ç
°³ ¿ä
¸é¿ªÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æ¹ýÀÇ ¿ø¸®´Â ±¤ÇÐÇö¹Ì°æÀÇ ¸é¿ªÁ¶Á÷ÈÇйý°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Á¶Á÷ ¼¼Æ÷³»ÀÇ Ç׿ø¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÇ ±¹Àç(localization)¸¦ À̰Ͱú ƯÀÌÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â Ç×ü¿¡ ÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æÀ¸·Î °üÂû °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀ» Ç¥ÁöÇÏ¿© ÀÌ Ç¥Áö Ç×ü¸¦ Á¶Á÷ ÀýÆíÀ̳ª ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀ½ÃÄÑ ±× °áÇÕºÎÀ§¸¦ °üÂûÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. Ç׿øÀÇ ±¹Àç(localization)¸¦ Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¸é¿ªÁ¶Á÷ÈÇÐÀû ±â¹ýÀÇ °³¹ß°ú ÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æÀÇ °³·®¿¡ º´ÇàÇÏ¿© ¹ß´ÞÇÏ¿© ¿Ô´Ù. Áï, ´Ü¼¼Æ÷±º Ç×ü(monoclonal)ÀÇ °³¹ß, ÁÖ»çÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æÀÇ °³·®°ú ±×¹Û¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ Áøº¸¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ 20³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ´«ºÎ½Å ¹ßÀüÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ Àå¿¡¼´Â Ç¥Áö Ç×ü¿Í Ç¥º» Á¦ÀÛ¹ýÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ±â¼úÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.
¸é¿ªÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æÀÇ ¸ñÀû
¸é¿ªÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸é¿ªÁ¶Á÷ÈÇÐÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº °üÂûÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â Ç׿ø ¹°ÁúÀÇ ±¹À縦 ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â Á¶Á÷¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ±¸Á¶¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü·ÃÇÏ¿¡¼ ÆÄ¾ÇÇÏ·Á´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù.
À̰ÍÀ» À§ÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î´Â 1)¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ±¸Á¶¸¦ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î º¸Á¸ÇØ¾ß Çϸç 2)Ç׿øÀ» ±×
±¹ÀçÇÏ´Â Àå¼Ò·ÎºÎÅÍ À̵¿Çϰųª À¯½Ç(washout)µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÁöÇϰí, Ç׿ø¼ºÀ» »ó½ÇÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß Çϸç
3)Ç׿øÀÇ ±¹À縦 ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ç¥Áö¹°ÀÌ Àå±â°£ ¾ÈÁ¤(stable)ÇÏ°Ô °üÂûµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
Ç¥ Áö (labelling)
1.ferritinÇ¥Áö Ç×ü (ferritin labeled antibody)
FerritinÀº ºÐÀÚ·®ÀÌ ¾à 650,000À¸·Î ±× ÁßÀÇ 25%°¡ öÀ̸ç, ÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æÀ¸·Î °üÂû °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Farrant(1954)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸°íµÇ¾ú°í, Singer(1959)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Ç×üÀÇ Ç¥±â·Î ¸é¿ªÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æ¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù.
1) Singer & Schick¹ý(1961) : toluene 2,4-diisocynate°¡ pH7.5¿¡¼´Â ÇÑÂʸ¸ÀÌ ´Ü¹éÁú°ú °áÇÕ¹ÝÀÀÀ» Çϰí, ÀÌ¾î¼ pH 9.5·Î Ç×ü¿Í ¹ÝÀÀ½ÃŰ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» °í¾ÈÇØ ³Â´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº 2Á¾ÀÇ ´Ü¹é°£¿¡ °¢ ´Ü¹é³¢¸®ÀÇ °áÇÕÀ» ÇÇÇÏ¿© ƯÀÌÀûÀ¸·Î °áÇÕÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ´Ù.
2) Ram ¹ý (1963) : p,p'-difluro-m, m'dinitrodiphenyl sulfoneÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© È¿À²ÀÌ ÁÁÀº ferritin°ú Ç×ü¸¦ °áÇÕ½ÃŰ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ferritinÇ¥Áö Ç×ü´Â ¼¼Æ÷¸· Ç¥¸éÀÇ Ç׿ø ±¹Àç Áõ¸í¿¡ °øÇåÇÏ¿´´Ù.
´ÜÁ¡ : ferritinÇ¥Áö Ç×ü°¡ ³Ê¹« Ä¿¼ ¼¼Æ÷³ª Á¶Á÷³»¿¡´Â ħÅõÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼öÁö Æ÷¸ÅµÈ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ
ÃʹÚÀýÆí»óÀ¸·Î Ç׿øÀÇ ±¹À縦 ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ferrtinÇ¥Áö Ç×ü´Â ¼öÁö¿Í °ÇÑ Ä£È¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ÀÌ Ç¥ÁöÀÇ
ÀÌ¿ëÀº ÇѶ§ ÀÌ¿ëµÇÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Tokuyasu(1973)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µ¿°á ÃʹÚÀýÆíÀÇ Á¦ÀÛ¹ýÀÌ °³¹ßµÇ¸é¼
ferritinÇ¥Áö Ç×üÀÇ À̿뵵°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
2. Áß±Ý¼Ó Ç¥Áö Ç×ü(heavy metal labeled antibody)
Pope¿Í Finch(1961)´Â ¼öÀºÀ» Ç¥Áö¹°·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇß°í, Sternbergerµî(1963)Àº ¿ì¶ó´½À» Á÷Á¢ Ç×ü¿¡ Ç¥Áö´Â °Í°ú osmiumÀ» Ç¥Áö¹°·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸é¿ªÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æ¿¡ ÀÀ¿ëÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ¸íÈ®ÇÑ Ç׿øÀÇ ±¹À縦 Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â ÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æ»óÀ» ¾òÁö´Â ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Ç¥Áö¹°·Î »ç¿ëµÈ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ Á߱ݼÓÀ¸·Î¼´Â alkaline bismuss³ª ferrocene carboxyaldehydeµîÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª,
ÇöÀç±îÁö ÃæºÐÇÑ Æò°¡°¡ ³»·ÁÁöÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
3. È¿¼ÒÇ¥Áö Ç×ü (enzyme labeled antibody)
FerritinÇ¥Áö Ç×ü³ª Áß±Ý¼Ó Ç¥Áö Ç×üº¸´Ù µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸é Å©±â°¡ ÀÛ°í, ¼¼Æ÷³ª Á¶Á÷¿¡´Â Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æ¿¡¼´Â ÄÜÆ®¶ó½ºÆ®°¡ ³ôÀº Ç¥Áö¹°ÁúÀÇ °Ë»öÀÌ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸¼Ò¿¡¼ ÀÌ·ç¾î Á³´Ù.
¸é¿ªÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æ¹ý¿¡¼ °¡Àå ºó¹øÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ´Â È¿¼Ò Ç×ü¹ýÀº ƯÀÌÇ×ü¿¡ ¼¾ç °íÃß³ÃÀ̷κÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®ÇÑ È¿¼ÒÀÎ ÆÛ¿Á½Ã´ÙÁ¦(horseradish peroxidase, HRP)¸¦ Ç¥ÁöÇÏ¿© ÀÌ È¿¼ÒÀÇ È°¼ººÎÀ§¸¦ È¿¼ÒÁ¶Á÷ÈÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¿°»öÇØ³»´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æÀÇ °üÂûÀº HRPÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀ »ê¹°¿¡ osmicationÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ¿© ÀüÀڹеµ¸¦ ³ô°Ô ÇÏ¿© °üÂûÇϰųª ¹°¿¡ ºÒ¿ë¼ºÀÎ 3'-3' diamynobenzidine 4HCl(DAB)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© °üÂûÇÑ´Ù.
1) Á÷Á¢¹ý
Ç׿ø¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â Ç×ü¿¡ Á÷Á¢Ç¥Áö¹°Áú Áï, È¿¼Ò¸¦ Ç¥ÁöÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
2) °£Á¢¹ý
Á¦ 1Ç×ü¿¡´Â Ç¥ÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Á¦ 1Ç×ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦ 2Ç×ü¸¦ Ç¥ÁöÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ABC¹ý, PAP¹ý, È¿¼ÒÇ¥Áö
protein A ¹ý µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
Methods
in Immunogold Labelling
of Ultrathin Cryosections
(J.W.Slot)
Colloidal gold´Â ÀüÇØÁúÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â »óÅ¿¡¼´Â ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù. ÀüÇØÁúÀÌ Áõ°¡µÇ¸é »öÀÌ ÆÄ¶þ°Ô µÇ°í ¸¶Ä§³»
gold°¡ ħÀüÇÑ´Ù. ProteinÀÌ ÃæºÐÇÑ ³óµµ¿¡¼ Ãß°¡µÉ ¶§ ÀüÇØÁúÀÇ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿¡¼ ¾ÈÁ¤µÇ°Ô Çϸç gold partical¿¡
ÈíÂøµÈ´Ù. 10mlÀÇ gold sol.À» ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ ¾çÀº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ (gold number)¶ó
ºÎ¸¥´Ù. Gold number ȤÀº ¾ÈÁ¤È ³óµµ´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁú¸¶´Ù ´Ù¸£´Ù.
1. Storage of protein - gold complexes
Immunogold probe´Â gold particle·ÎºÎÅÍ ´Ü¹éÁúÀÌ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î ¸îÁ־ȿ¡ Ȱ¼ºÀÌ ¶³¾îÁø´Ù.±×·¡¼ ÀúÀåÇϴµ¥ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ï¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
1) Probes¸¦ 20% glycerol(in PBS)¸¦ ÷°¡ÇÏ¿© -70µµ¿¡¼ µ¿°á ÀúÀåÇϰųª(Slot & Gueze, 1985), 45% glycerolÀ» ÷°¡ÇÏ¿© -20µµ¿¡ ÀúÀåÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.(Slot & Gueze,1981)
2) Protein - gold complexes¸¦ 0.02% sodium azide¸¦ ÷°¡ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼ ¹ÝÀÀ¼ºÀ̳ª ¼Õ½Ç ¾øÀÌ ³ÃÀå°í¿¡¼
6°³¿ù°£ ÀúÀåÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
2. Fixation
°íÁ¤¾×Àº º¸Åë paraformaldehyde³ª glutaraldehyde, ¶Ç´Â µÎ°¡Áö¸¦ ¼¯¾î¼ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù(in 0.1M sodium phosphate). ¸¸¾à ¸é¿ª¹ÝÀÀÀÌ glutaraldehyde¿¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÏ´Ù¸é 2-4%ÀÇ formaldehyde ¸¸À» 1½Ã°£ Á¤µµ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. Á¶Á÷Àº formaldehyde¿¡ ¹ã»õ¿ö(overnight) ³õ°Å³ª ÀÏÁÖÀÏ ÀÌ»ó ³õ¾ÆµÑ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, À̰ÍÀº cryosection¿¡¼ ¹Ì¼¼±¸Á¶¸¦ º¸Á¸Çϴµ¥ ÁÁÀº ¹Ý¸é Á¡Â÷·Î ¸é¿ª¹ÝÀÀÀº ¼Ò½ÇµÈ´Ù.
Soluable compoundsÀÇ ¿¬±¸½Ã(¿¹; cytosol or secretory proteins), section¿¡¼ proteinÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿¹¹æÇϱâ À§ÇØ °ÇÑ glutaraldehyde (2%) °íÁ¤À» ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑÆí membraneÀ̳ª cyto-skeleton¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÇ ¸é¿ª¿°»öÀº À̸¦ µÑ·¯½Î´Â °¡¿ë¼º ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ Á¦°Å¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¾Á¾ Çâ»óµÇ¾î ±× °á°ú ¸é¿ª¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ ´õ¿í ´õ Àß ³ëÃâµÈ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ membrane proteins ¿¬±¸½Ã formaldehyde °íÁ¤ÀÌ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. °¡¿ë¼º ´Ü¹é(soluble proteins)ÀÇ ÀçºÐ¹è¸¦ ¿¹¹æÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â °íÁ¤½Ã°£ÀÌ ºü¸¥ °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ °ü·ù°íÁ¤(perfusion fix)ÀÌ Á¶Á÷À» »ç¿ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼´Â ´õ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù. Formaldehyde¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀûÀº ºÐÀÚ·®À» °¡Áø aldehyde·ù´Â °íÁ¤¿¡ »ïÅõ·ÂÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×·± °íÀå¾×Àº °ñÁöü¿Í °°Àº ±¸Á¶¿¡ ¿µÇâ¹Þ±â ½¬¿î ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Types of Resin |
Cross linking |
Structure/Stability |
Antigenicity |
|
Epoxy - Araldite - Epon |
High High |
Hydrophobic Hydrophobic |
+++ +++ |
+ + |
Acrylic - LR White - Lowicryl |
Low Low |
Hydrophilic Hydrophilic |
+ + |
+++ +++ |
Types of Fixtures |
Structure |
Antigen |
Suitability |
Additive (cross linking) - Formaldehyde - Glutaraldehyde |
++ +++ |
++ + |
Tissue Tissue |
Coagulative (precipitating) - Aceton - Methanol |
+ + |
+ + |
Cells Cells |
Mixed - Formal acetone - Picric acid |
++ ++ |
+ + |
Cells Tissues |
3. Storage of tissue
°íÁ¤µÈ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ÀúÀåÀº a)buffer³ª b)formaldehyde¾×/buffer¿¡ ³Ö°Å³ª (glutaraldehyde¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °æ¿ì)
c)sucrose¸¦ ÁÖÀÔÇÏ¿© liquid nitrogen¿¡ ³Ö¾î ultra-cryotomeÀÇ specimen holder¿¡ ºÀÀÔÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀúÀå ¹æ¹ýÀº
¸î ÁÖ³ª ¸î ´Þ±îÁö ÀúÀåÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª post-embedding¹ý°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº ultra-cryotomyÀÇ ´ÜÁ¡ÀÎ
»ó´ç ±â°£ µ¿¾È º¯ÈµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â »óÅ·ΠÁ¶Á÷À» À¯ÁöÇϱ⿡´Â ºÎÁ·ÇÏ´Ù.
4. Gelatin embedding
°íÁ¤µÈ Á¶Á÷ÀýÆíÀ» 10% gelatin/ PB/ 37¡É¿¡ ħÀ±½ÃŲ´Ù. GelatinÀº 4¡É¿¡¼ 0.5§®Á¤µµÀÇ ¾ãÀº µÎ²²·Î ÀÀ°í½Ã۰í, 30ºÐµ¿¾È Àç°íÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù(Geuze and Slot, 1980). Á¶Á÷ÀýÆíÀ» ¾Ë¸ÂÀº ¸ð¾çÀÇ ºí·°À¸·Î ÀÚ¸¥´Ù. Bacteria³ª ¹è¾ç¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ Çöʾ׵îÀº 1Â÷ °íÁ¤ÇÑ ÈÄ 10% gelatin¿¡ ³Ö¾î °ú¸³È ÇÑ´Ù. ±× °ú¸³Àº 0.5§®Á¤µµÀÇ ¾ãÀº µÎ²²·Î ¾ÐÂøÇÏ°í ³ª¼, À§¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ Á¶Á÷°ú °°ÀÌ °íÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. Gelatin embeddingÀº ¸¹Àº °æ¿ì »ý·«ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
1)Section½Ã ¼¼Æ÷±¸Á¶´Â sucrose¹æ¿ï¿¡¼ Ç¥¸éÀå·Â¿¡ ´õ Àß °ßµò´Ù.
2) Á¶Á÷ ºí·°À» ¿øÇÏ´Â ¸ð¾çÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
3) ¼¼Æ÷ ÇöŹ¾×¿¡¼ ¼¼Æ÷´Â °íÁ¤µÈ »óÅ·ΠÀִµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ƯÈ÷ serial sectionÀ» ¿øÇÒ °æ¿ì ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
5. Section
5.1 Freezing
Á¶Á÷ ºí·ÏÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ 30ºÐµ¿¾È 2.3M/PB¿¡ ħÀ±½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ultra-cryotomeÀÇ specimen holder¿¡ ºí·ÏÀ»
¿Ã·Á³õ°í ¾×ü Áú¼Ò¿¡ ºü¸£°Ô µ¿°á °íÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. µ¿°áµÈ Á¶Á÷À» ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô -90¡É ¡ -110¡É·Î ³Ã°¢µÈ
ultra-microtomeÀÇ cryochamber¿¡ À̵¿½ÃŲ´Ù. Tokuyasu´Â ÃÖ±Ù ¸Å¿ì Àû°Ô °íÁ¤µÇ¾ú°Å³ª ¸¹ÀÌ
¼öÈ(hydrated)µÈ Á¶Á÷À» À§ÇØ ÁÖÀÔ ¹°Áú·Î¼ sucrose¿Í È¥ÇÕµÈ polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)À» ¼Ò°³Çß´Ù. À̰ÍÀº
block¿¡ °¡¼Ò¼ºÀ» ÁÖ¾î ¸Å¿ì ¾ã°Ô Çϰųª sectionÀ» Àß ÆìÁö°Ô cuttingÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.
- TokuyasuÀÇ ¹æ¹ý -
( 100§¢ÀÇ PVP / sucrose È¥ÇÕ¾× )
1)PVP 20g
2)1.1M Na©üCo©ý4§¢
3)2M sucrose/PB 80§¢
¸¦ È¥ÇÕ ¿ë±â¿¡ ³Ö´Â´Ù. ±× ¿ë±â´Â ¹ÐºÀÇÏ¿© ½Ç¿Â¿¡¼ °ÅǰÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁ® ±ú²ýÇÑ ¾×ü¸¸ ³²À» ¶§±îÁö ¹æÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ¾×ü´Â Áß¼º pH¿¡ °¡±î¿îµ¥ pH´Â 1N NaOH·Î Á¶Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. Specimen¿¡ ÀÌ ¾×ÀÌ ÁÖÀԵǴ ½Ã°£Àº º¸Åë 2½Ã°£ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ È¥Çվ׿¡ ÁÖÀÔµÈ specimen blockÀº ¾×üÁú¼Ò¿¡ µ¿°áÇÏ¿© -110¡É·Î ÀÚ¸¥´Ù.
¸¸¾à ´Ù¸¥ ³óµµÀÇ PVP´Â ´ÙÀ½ ¹æ¹ýÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
1) ¥ög : PVP (M.W. 10.000)
2) (0.2) x (¥ö§¢) : 1.1M Na©üCo©ý
3) (100) - (¥ö§¢) : 2M sucrose/PB
*¥ö´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¼ýÀÚÀ̸ç 1, 2, 3¹øÀ» È¥ÇÕÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
°íºÐÀÚ·®ÀÇ PVP¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ¶§´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
¿¹) 10%ÀÇ ºÐÀÚ·® 40.000 ȤÀº 5% ÀÇ ºÐÀÚ·® 300.000ÀÇ PVPÀÏ °æ¿ì :
À§ÀÇ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ µû¸¥ carbonateÀÇ ¾çÀ» °¢°¢ (0.05) x (¥ö§¢) , (0.006) x (¥ö§¢)·Î °¨¼Ò½ÃŲ´Ù.
¸¸¾à, ÃÖÁ¾ sucrose ³óµµ°¡ 1.6M ÀÌÇ϶ó¸é, ¾×ü ÇÁ·¹¿Â12 ȤÀº 22(liquid freon 12 or 22)¿Í °°Àº µ¿°á¹ý¿¡¼
µ¿°á¼Õ»ó(damage)À» ¿¹¹æÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
5.2 Knives
SectionÀº °ÇÁ¶À¯¸®Ä®(dry glass knife)À» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù Griffiths´Â À¯¸®Ä®¿¡ ÅÖ½ºÅÙ(tungsten)À» ºÐ¹«ÇÏ¿©
section¿¡ °ý¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ °³¼±À» °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÅÖ½ºÅÙ ÃþÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾ãÀº ¹Ý¸é sectionÀÌ À¯¸®Ç¥¸é À§·Î
ºÎµå·´°Ô À̵¿ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
5.3 Picking up
Cryo-chamber¾È¿¡¼ sectionÀ» Á¶ÀÛÇÒ ±â±¸´Â 15§¯Á¤µµ ³ª¹«¸·´ëÀÇ ³¡¿¡ ¼Ó´«¼·°ú wireloop¸¦ ºÙ¿© »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÁÁÀº wireloop´Â µÎ²² 0.2§®, Á÷°æ ¡2§®ÀÇ stainless steel wire¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¼Ó´«¼·À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© sectionÀ̳ª ribbonÀ» Ä®³¡¿¡¼ ¹ØÀ¸·Î ¾µ¾î³»·Á ÆìÁö°Ô ÇÑ µÚ 2.3M sucrose/PB¾×À» ¹¯Èù loop·Î À绡¸® äÃëÇÏ¿© À¯¸® slide³ª grid¿¡ ¿Å±ä´Ù.
óÀ½ ¡0.5§·Î ÀÚ¸¥ sectionÀ» À¯¸® slide¿¡ ³õ°í À§»óÂ÷ Çö¹Ì°æÀ¸·Î °üÂûÇÑ ÈÄ Àû´çÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÇ ÀýÆíÀÌ
¸¸µé¾îÁ³À» ¶§ 50 - 100§¬ÀÇ ultrathin sectionÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. Sucrose ¾×À» carbonÄÚÆÃÇÑ formvar grid¿¡ sectionÀ» ¾Æ·¡·Î
ÇâÇϵµ·Ï ¿Ã·Á³õ¾Æ, sucroseÃþÀÇ sectionÀÌ grid¿Í ¹ÐÂøÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.
5.4 Storage of grids
Grid¸¦ 2% gelatin/PB/on ice Á¢½Ã¿¡ ¹ØÀ¸·Î ÇâÇϵµ·Ï ¿Ã·Á³õ¾Æ sucrose°¡ ÆÛÁöµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. À̰÷¿¡¼ grid´Â ¸é¿ª
¿°»öÇϱâ Àü ¸î ½Ã°£Á¤µµ º¸Á¸ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 2% gelatin/PB´Â ½Ç¿Â¿¡¼ À¯µ¿ÈÇϸç, ÃàÃàÇÑ ÇÊÅÍÆäÀÌÆÛ¸¦ ±ñ
Á¢½Ã(¨ª9§¯)¾È¿¡ ÀÛÀº petri dish(¨ª 3§¯)¸¦ ³Ö°í, ¿©±â¿¡ 2-3§¢¾¿ ºÐÁÖÇÏ¿© ³ÃÀå°í¿¡ º¸°üÇÑ´Ù.
6. Immuno-staining
SectionÀÌ ºÙÀº grid´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ °úÁ¤ºÎÅÍ methyl celulose ´Ü°è±îÁö ¿©·¯ solutionÀ» °ÅÄ¡¸é¼ ¹°¹æ¿ï(drop)¿¡
ºÎÀ¯½ÃÄѳö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¹°¹æ¿ïÀº ±ú²ýÇÏ°í ÆòÆòÇÑ parafilmÀ§¿¡ ºÐÁÖÇÑ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¸ðµç ´Ü°è¿¡ background
¿°»öÀ» ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ 1% BSA¸¦ ¾²¸ç, ±âŸ protein solutionÀ¸·Î gelatinÀ̳ª 10% fetal calf serumÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù. ÃàÃàÇÑ »óÅ·Πº¸°üµÈ gelatinÀ» À¯µ¿È½ÃŲ ÈÄ 10ºÐµ¿¾È ½Ç¿Â¿¡ ³õ¾ÆµÐ´Ù. À¯µ¿ÈµÈ gelatin¿¡ grid¸¦
incubation½Ã۸é background ¿°»öÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·± ÈÄ grid¸¦ ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è·Î ¿Å±ä´Ù.
¡ØElectron Microscope Gold Conjugates Biocell
Primary antibody |
Secondary antibody |
Conjugated Protein |
Gold Particle size (nm) |
Rabbit IgG |
Goat anti-Rabbit IgG |
Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L) (Human Abs) |
1/ 5 /10 /15 /20 /30 |
Mouse IgG |
Goat anti-Mouse IgG |
Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H) (Human Abs), Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H + L) (Human Abs) |
1/ 5 /10 /15 /20 /30 1 / 5/ 10 |
Mouse IgM |
Goat anti-Mouse IgM |
Goat anti-Mouse IgM (mu chain specific) |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 /30 |
Mouse IgG + IgM |
Goat anti-Mouse IgG + IgM |
Goat anti-Mouse IgG + IgM (H + L) (Human Abs) |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 /30 |
Rat IgG |
Goat anti-Rat IgG |
Goat anti-Rat IgG (H + L) (Human Abs), Goat anti-Rat IgG (H + L) (Mouse Abs) |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 /30 1/ 5/ 10 |
Human IgG |
Goat anti-Human IgG |
Goat anti-Human IgG (gamma chain specific) |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 |
Guinea Pig IgG |
Goat anti-Guinea Pig IgG |
Goat anti-Guinea Pig IgG (H + L) |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 |
Goat IgG |
Rabbit anti-Goat IgG |
Rabbit anti-Goat IgG (H + L), Rabbit anti-Goat IgG (H + L) (Human Abs) |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 1/ 5/ 10 |
Sheep IgG |
Donkey anti-Sheep IgG |
Donkey anti-Sheep IgG (H + L) |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 |
Goat anti-Biotin |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 |
||
Sheep anti-Digoxigenin |
1/ 5/ 10 |
||
Protein A |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 |
||
Protein G (recombinant) |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 |
||
Streptavidin |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 |
||
Cationic Colloidal Gold (poly-L-Lysine) |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 |
||
Bovine Serum Albumin (negative control) |
1/ 5/ 10 /15 /20 |
6.1 Single labeling
a) 0.02M glycine/PBS ¢Ñ 3x10 min
< PBS Á¦ÀÛ >
8g- NaCl / 0.2g- KCl / 1.44g- NaHPO©þ2H©ü0 / 0.23g- NaH©üPO©þH©üO ¢Ñ total 1§¤
GlycineÀº free aldehyde groupÀ» ¾ïÁ¦½ÃŰ´Â ±â´ÉÀÌ Àִµ¥, 0.1% sodium borohydride/PB (¡10 min)µµ ¿ª½Ã »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. À̰͵éÀº ¶ÇÇÑ aldehyde groupÀ» ºñȰ¼ºÈ ½Ã۸ç, Ãß°¡·Î borohydride´Â glutaraldehyde°íÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼Õ½ÇµÈ ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ȸº¹½ÃŲ´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.(de Vries, 1985 ; Eldred et al. , 1983)
Grid
¢×
¡ç Section
¡ç Drop
Parafilm
¡ØParafilm»óÀÇ drop¿¡¼ gridÀÇ ¿°»ö
b) Specific antibody in PBS/1%BSA
5§¡Á¤µµÀÇ ÀûÀº ¹æ¿ïÀ» ºÐÁÖÇÏ¿© ½Ç¿Â¿¡¼ incubation½ÃŲ´Ù ¢Ñ (¡30min)
c) Washing with PBS/0.1% BSA ¢Ñ 4x1min
d) Pretein A gold (PAG) ¶Ç´Â IgG - goldÀ» ½Ç¿Â¿¡¼ ´ë·« 30ºÐÁ¤µµ incubation½ÃŲ´Ù.
Gold marker´Â PBS/0.1% BSA·Î »ç¿ëÁ÷Àü dilution½ÃŲ´Ù. ´õ ÀÛÀº ÀÔÀÚ´Â ´õ dilution½Ãų¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ProbeÀÇ ³óµµ´Â 520§¬¿¡¼ÀÇ optical density·Î Ç¥½ÃÇϴµ¥ º¸Åë 4§¬ÀÇ marker´Â OD 520¿¡¼ ´ë·« 0.05À̰í 6§¬´Â 0.1, 9§¬´Â 0.15Á¤µµ´Ù.
e) Wash with PBS ¢Ñ 4x5min
¸¸¾à secondary labellingÀ» ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â 1%ÀÇ BSA¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
¡Ø Particle Size
Gold particle (nm) |
1 |
5 |
10 |
15 |
20 |
30 |
Magnification(screen), ¡¿1000 |
400 |
100 |
40 |
30 |
20 |
10 |
Particle size (screen), (mm) |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.45 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
Primary antibody |
Protein A : gold |
Protein G : gold |
Rabbit IgG |
+++ |
+++ |
Mouse IgG IgM IgA |
++ +/- +/- |
++ +/- +/- |
Rat IgG |
+/- |
+ |
Human IgG1 IgG2 IgG3 IgG4 IgA IgM |
+++ +++ +/- +++ + + |
+++ +++ +++ +++ - - |
Guinea pig IgG |
++ |
++ |
Goat IgG |
+/- |
+++ |
Bovine IgG |
++ |
++ |
Sheep IgG |
+/- |
+++ |
Chicken IgG |
+/- |
+/- |
6.2 Double labeling
PAG¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© double labelingÀ» ÇÒ °æ¿ì ;
Á¶Á÷¿¡¼ ¸ðµç protein A Á¢Ã˺κÐÀÌ µ¤À̵µ·Ï ÇϱâÀ§ÇØ single labelingÀÇ 6.1-d´Ü°èÀÇ ¸î ºÐµ¿¾È free protein A
(10§¶/§¢)¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ÈÄ washing(6.1-e)À» ÇÏ°í ´Ù¸¥ specific antibody³ª PAG probe¸¦ 6.1-bºÎÅÍ 6.1-e±îÁö
¹Ýº¹ÇÑ´Ù.
6.3 PAG or IgG-gold
a) IgG-gold´Â label½Ã º¸Åë ´õ ³ôÀº »êÃâ·®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Âµ¥, ÇÑ ¸ðµ¨½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼ PAG labelingÀÇ ¡250%Á¤µµÀÇ labelling³óµµ°¡ ÃøÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× Áõ°¡´Â signal ÁõÆøÀÇ Å« Áõ°¡(¡100%)º¸´Ù´Â IgG-gold°¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº primary IgG¸¦ ÀÎÁöÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Áõ°¡(¡30%)µÈ´Ù. Áï ÇϳªÀÇ PAG marker°¡ IgGºÐÀÚ¿Í ºÙÀ» ¶§, ´õ ¸¹Àº IgG-gold°¡ primary IgG¿¡ ºÙÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ PAG marker°¡ º¸Åë single ·Î¼ ºÐÆ÷ÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é IgG-gold labelingÀº ¹«¸®Áö¾î ³ªÅ¸³²À» º¼¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
b) PAG´Â IgGº¸´Ù antigenÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ´õ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥½ÃÇϴµ¥ À̰ÍÀº °íºÐÇØ´É ¿¬±¸½Ã Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
c) IgG-gold°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ protein A gold´Â °£´ÜÇÑ double labelingÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
d) À§¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ¹Ù¿Í °°Àº ÀÌÀ¯·Î º¸Åë PAG¸¦ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥, ¸¸¾à °ÇÑ labelingÀ» ¿øÇÒ °æ¿ì 6.1-c
ÈÄ¿¡ secondary IgG¿¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÑ protein A¸¦ °¡Áö°í incubation´Ü°è¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ 6.1´Ü°è¸¦ ¿¬ÀåÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦
µé¾î swine anti rabbit serum(Nordic, Tilburg, the Netherlands)¸¦ 1:2.000À¸·Î Èñ¼®ÇÏ¿© 30ºÐ incubation½ÃÄ×À» ¶§ Àß
¹ÝÀÀÇÑ´Ù. 6.1-c¿¡¼ ½Å¼ÓÈ÷ ¼ö¼¼ÇÑÈÄ 6.1-d¿¡¼¿Í °°ÀÌ PAG¸¦ incubationÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ IgG bridge PAG¹ýÀº
´ë·« º¸ÅëÀÇ PAG´Ü°èÀÇ 600%Á¤µµÀÇ ¸Å¿ì °ÇÑ labelingÀ» ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 150%ÀÇ Áß°¡´Â ´õ ¸¹Àº primary IgG°¡
labelµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̰í, signal ÁõÆøÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ 150%ÀÇ Áß°¡¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù.
7. TokuyasuÀÇ uranyl ¿°»ö°ú methy cellulose ºÀÀÔ
7.1 GriffithsÀÇ º¯¹ý
Membrane±¸Á¶ÀÇ °¡Àå ÁÁÀº º¸Á¸°ú ¹¦»ç´Â ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¼³¸íÇÒ Griffiths et al.(1984)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼³¸íµÈ Tokuyasuº¯¹ýÀ» ¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
a) 6.1-eÈÄ¿¡ grid¸¦ D.W ·Î ¼ö¼¼ÇÑ´Ù. ¢Ñ 4x1min
b) Uranyl acetate oxalate (pH7.0-7.5)¸¦ ó¸®ÇÑ´Ù. ¢Ñ 5min
< Á¦ÀÛ >
0.3M oxalic acid ¿Í 4% ¼ö¿ë¼º uranyl acetate¸¦ µ¿·®À¸·Î ¼¯´Â´Ù.
pH : 5%NH©þOH·Î ¾à pH7.5°¡ µÇµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.
Á߱ݼÓÀÌ pHÀü±ØÀ» ¹æÇØÇϹǷΠpH paperÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾à°£ÀÇ contrast¸¦ ÁÖ´Â ÀÌ °úÁ¤Àº ¼ö¿ë¼º uranyl acetateÀÇ ³·Àº pH¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© membrane±¸Á¶¸¦ ¾ÈÁ¤È½ÃŲ´Ù°í »ý°¢ µÇ¾îÁø´Ù(Tokuyasu,1980).
c) ¼ö¼¼ : D.W·Î 30Ãʵ¿¾È 3¹ø ¼ö¼¼ÇÑ´Ù.
d) ¨ç 25centipose(Á¡µµÀÇ ´ÜÀ§)ÀÇ methyl cellulose 2%¾×À» ¸¸µç´Ù.
(»óǰ:methocel-Fluka A.G., Buchs, Switzerland)
¨è 95¡É·Î ¹Ì¸® °¡¿ÇÑ ¹°¿¡ powder¸¦ ³Ö´Â´Ù.
¨é ¸î ºÐµ¿¾È 95¡É¿¡¼ magnetic stirrer·Î ¼¯Àº ÈÄ ¾óÀ½À§¿¡ ¾×ü¸¦ ¿Ã·Á³õ´Â´Ù.
¨ê 0-4¡É¿¡¼ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ 4-8½Ã°£ µ¿¾È ¼¯´Â´Ù.
¨ë 4¡É¿¡¼ 3-4Àϰ£ ¹æÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù.
¨ì 4¡É¿¡¼ 90ºÐ µ¿¾È °í¼Ó(¿¹; 60,000rpm / Beckman 60Ti or 70Ti)À¸·Î centrifuseÇÑ´Ù.
¨í ¹¶Ä£ ¾Ë°»À̰¡ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÃÖ¼Ò 3-4ÁÖµ¿¾È ³ÃÀå°í¿¡ ÀúÀåÇÑ´Ù.
¨î ½ÇÇèÀ» À§ÇØ ÀûÀº ¾çÀ» Ç¥ÃþÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¶½É½º·´°Ô pipettingÇÑ´Ù.
¨ï ÃÖÁ¾ ³óµµ°¡ 0.1-0.4%ÀÇ uranyl acetate°¡ µÇµµ·Ï 2-4% ¼ö¿ë¼º uranyl acetate¾×À» °¡Áö°í methyl cellulose¾×À» È¥ÇÕÇÑ´Ù.
(º¸Åë, 2% methocel 0.9§¢¿Í 3% uranyl acetate 0.1§¢¸¦ ¼¯´Â´Ù.)
¨ð ¸î Ãʵ¿¾È ¶È°°ÀÌ È¥ÇÕÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ µÎ dropÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡ óÀ½ Á¢Ã˽ÃŲ ÈÄ 10ºÐµ¿¾È ¾óÀ½À§¿¡¼ À§ÀÇ ¾×¿¡ grid¸¦ ³õ´Â´Ù.
e) Á÷°æ 3-3.5§®, µÎ²² 0.3-0.5§®ÀÇ stainless steel loop¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© grid¸¦ ²¨³½´Ù.
3.5§®ÀÇ Àü±âµå¸±ÀÇ ±Ý¼Ó¸·´ëºÎºÐÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© loop¸¦ ¸¸µé¸é ÆíÇÏ´Ù.
f) ÇÊÅÍÆäÀÌÆÛÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡ Á¢ÃËÇÏ¿© ¾×ü¸¦ ¸ðµÎ Á¦°ÅÇÑ ÈÄ loopÀ§¿¡¼ grid¸¦ °ÇÁ¶½ÃŲ´Ù.
Methyl celluloseÀÇ ÃÖÁ¾ µÎ²²´Â contrat¿Í ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ±¸Á¶ÀÇ Á¶Á¸À» °í·ÁÇÏ¿© ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ²²´Â ¿Å°ÜÁø ¾×ÀÇ ¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °æÇè»óÀ¸·Î °áÁ¤µÇ¸ç, ¸¶¸¥ ÈÄÀÇ filmÀ§ÀÇ »öÀÇ °£¼·¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Æò°¡µÈ´Ù. FilmÀÌ µÎ²¨¿ö Áü¿¡ µû¶ó ¹Ì¼¼ ±¸Á¶ÀÇ º¸Á¸Àº contrastÀÇ ¼Õ½ÇÀ» ȸº¹½ÃŲ´Ù. ½ÇÇèÀ» ÇÏ¸é¼ ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¾çÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© EM»ó¿¡¼ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡À» 쁹¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦µé¾î formvar filmÀÇ Àº»ö(silver) ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ º¯È½ÃŰÁö ¾ÊÀ» Á¤µµÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ¾ãÀº filmÀº ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº contrast¸¦ ÁÖÁö¸¸ °ø±â°ÇÁ¶ÀÇ artifact¸¦ ÁØ´Ù. ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ±¸Á¶¸¦ À§Çؼ´Â À̹æ¹ýµµ ÅÃÇÏ¿© Áø´Ù.
¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ À§¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ °úÁ¤À» ´Ü¼øÈ ½ÃÄѵµ Áß¿äÇÑ È¿°ú´Â ¾øÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù.
g) 7.1-b¿Í c¸¦ »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù.
h) Àû´çÇÑ ³óµµ(0.1-0.4%)ÀÇ uranyl acetate¸¦ 4-8½Ã°£ ÀúÀº(7.1-d) methyl cellulose stock sol.¿¡ ³Ö´Â´Ù. (º¸Åë 0.3% UAc ³óµµ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.)
ÀÌ uranyl-methyl cellulose¾×À» 24½Ã°£ 4¡É¿¡ ¹æÄ¡ÇÑ ÈÄ 7.1-d¿¡¼¿Í °°ÀÌ centrifuseÇÏ°í ¸îÁÖµ¿¾È º¸°üÇÑ´Ù.
7.2 TokuyasuÀÇ positive contrasting¹ý
Åë»ó TokuyasuÀÇ ½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â contrasting¹ýÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
¸¶Áö¸· ¼ö¼¼(7.1-c)¸¦ ÇÑ ÈÄ grid¸¦ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¾×À§¿¡ ¿Ã·Á³õ´Â´Ù.
¨ç2% polyethylene glycol 1540(carbowax)
¨è0.1% methyl cellulose (1500 centipose)
¨é0.001-0.02% ¼ö¿ë¼º uranyl acetate
¨ç+¨è+¨é¾×À» 10ºÐµ¿¾È óġÇÑ´Ù.
±× ÈÄ loop·Î µé¾î¿Ã·Á À§¿¡¼ ±â¼úÇÑ ´ë·Î °ÇÁ¶½ÃŲ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýº¸´Ù ´õ ÀûÀýÇÑ contrast¸¦ ÁÖ¸ç, ferritinÀ̳ª imposil, 3§¬ gold particleÀÇ °üÂûµµ °°ÀÌ ÇÒ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.
7.3 Section¿°»öÀ̳ª embedmentÀÇ ÃÖ±Ù Tokuyasuº¯¹ýÀº methyl cellulose(MC) ´ë½Å¿¡ polyvinylalcoholÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. MC´Â °íºÐÀÚ ÈÇÕ¹°À̶ó section¾ÈÀ¸·Î ħÅõÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¡¼ °ÇÁ¶ÇÏ´Â Áß¿¡ filmÀÌ sectionÀ§¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î structure¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÑ´Ù. PVA´Â ³Ê¹« ³·Àº ºÐÀÚ·®(10.000)À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î, °ÇÁ¶ÇÏ´Â Áß¿¡ section¾È¿¡ filmÀÌ Çü¼ºµÈ´Ù. PVA´Â MCº¸´Ù ´ú Á¡Âø¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î ÃæºÐÇÑ ÁöÁö¸¦ À§ÇÑ filmÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. 2% PVA¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ °æ¿ì µÚ¿¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ °úÀ×À¸·Î ÀÖÀ» ¶§, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ PVA°¡ ¾ø¾îÁö¹Ç·Î¼ 7.1-f¿Í °°ÀÌ ¿Å°ÜÁø´Ù. PVAÀÇ ³óµµ´Â 3-4%±îÁö Áõ°¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. EmbedingµÈ section¿¡¼ ulanyl acetate´Â contrast¸¦ ¾ò±â À§ÇØ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â PVA¾×ÃþÀÇ µÎ²² Â÷ÀÌÀÇ ¶§¹®¿¡ 2% PVA¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í º¸´Ù 3-4%ÀÇ PVA¿Í È¥ÇÕÇÏ´Â°Í´Ï ÁÁ´Ù. Ãß°¡·Î PVA´Â MCº¸´Ù lead¿°»ö°ú °°ÀÌ ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
PVA¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ ¿°»ö°úÁ¤Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
a) 2% uranyl acetate oxalate pH7-7.5, 5ºÐ
¼ö¼¼, D.W , 30sec.
2% uranyl acetate, 5ºÐ.
¼ö¼¼, D.W, 30sec.
2% PVA(m.w. 10.000) + 0.01¡0.3% uranyl acetate
b) a)¿¡¼ 2% uranyl ´Ü°è´Â »ý·«ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
c) 2% OsO©þ
¼ö¼¼, D.W, few min.
2% uranyl acetate
¼ö¼¼, D.W, 30sec.
2% PVA(m.w. 10.000) + 0.003% lead citrate.
ÀûÁ¤ÇÑ º¸Á¸°ú membrane ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ¿°»öÀº a)¿Í b)ÀÇ °úÁ¤À¸·Î ´Þ¼ºÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ nucleus¿Í ribosomeÀº ´õ
±ú²ýÇÏ°Ô ¿°»öµÇ¾îÁø´Ù. c)°úÁ¤Àº cytoskeleton element¸¦ º¸±â¿¡ Àû´çÇÏ´Ù.
Colloidal gold
immunolabelling techniques
for electron microscopy
(ÀüÀÚÇö¹Ì°æÀÇ ±ÝÄÝ·ÎÀÌµå ¸é¿ªÇ¥Áö¹ý)
Á¾·ù
1. Pre-embedding technique
2. Post-embedding technique
3. Non-embedding technique (µ¿°áÃʹÚÀýÆí¹ý)
4. Scanning electron microscope technique
5. Negative stain technique
6. Replica technique
7. Freeze-fracture technique
1. Pre-embedding technique
1) Lightly fix cells with correct aldehyde or use unfixed
2) Incubate cells with
a. 1per cent gelatin in phosphate-buffered (0.01 M, pH 7.2) - 0.15 M NaCl(PBS) for 10min
b. 0.02M glycine in PBS 3min
c. 1 per cent bovine serum albumin in PBS (PBS BSA) for 2min
d. Antiserum diluted with PBS BSA (1h)
e. Wash 4 * 1 min with PBS BSA
f. Colloidal gold probe diluted with PBS BSA (1h)
g. Repeat e.
h. Rince with PBS (2*1min)
3) Fix cells with 1 per cent glutaraldehyde in PBS at roomperature for 15 min
4) Rince briefly in water
5) Posr-fix with 1 per cent aqueous osmium tetroxide for 1h.
6) Tertiary fix with 2 per cent aqueous uranyl acetate for 1 h.
7) Dehydrate in a graded series of ethanol
8) Embed in Araldite or other preferred resin
9) Cut ultrathin sections and stain with uranyl acetate and lead citrate before examination
* If cells are not fixed, start immunolabelling schedule at 2d.
2. Post-embedding technique
1) Prepare sections of fixed and either resin-embedded or frozen tissue on plastic and carbon-coated gold grid. Float these, sections downwards, on the following;
2) Phosphate-buffered (0.01 M, pH 7.2) saline(0.15M) containing 1 per cent bovine serum albumin, PBS BSA (5min)
3) Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 1 per cent gelatin (10min)
4) PBS containing 0.02 M glycine (3 min)
5) Suitable dilution of antibody in PBS BSA (1h)
6) Rinse 5 x 1 min in PBS BSA
7) Suitable dilution of gold probe in PBS BSA (1h)
8) Rinse (1 min) in PBS
9) Fix with 1 per cent glutaraldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 3 min
10) Rinse (5 x 1 min) in distilled water
11) a. Rinse sections
-Stain with uranyl acetate and lead citrate
b. Ultrathin frozen sections(Tokuyasu 1984)
- Float sections on 2 per cent neutral uranyl acetate⹴ (10 min) to stabilize membranes.
- Three rinses on droplets of water (20s eath)
- Float sections on 2 per cent aqueous uranyl acetate (5 min)
- Wash (3 x 20s) on droplets of 1.5 % methyl cellulose (400 cps)⹵placed on a sheet of dental wax standing on ice
- Pick up grid on a loop and remove sufficient methyle cellulose with the edge of a filter paper so that when dry a gold-blue interference color remains
- Remove grid from loop and examine
⹴ 2 %nutral uranyl acetate is made by mixing equal volumes of aqueous solution of 4 %uranyl actate and 0.3 M potassium oxalate and adjusting the pH to 7-8 by adding a small volume of 10 % ammonium hydroxide.
⹵ A stock solution of methyl cellulose is made by suspending the required weight of powder in water at
60⁗C and then cooling to 4⁗C. It is diluted before use, the dilution being found experimentally to yield the
correct thickness after drying the embedded sections.
Pre-embedding |
Post-embedding |
Fixation ¡é Thick sectioning ¡é Immunostaining ¡é Osmication ¡é Flat embedding in epoxy resin ¡é LM examination ¡é Ultrathin sectioning ¡é EM examination |
Fixation ¡é (LM examination) ¡é (Osmication) ¡é Hydrophilic or hydrophobic resin embedding ¡é Ultrathin sectioning ¡é Immunostaining ¡é EM examination |
¡ØA comparison of pre-embedding and post-embedding immunocytochemistry.
3. Non-embedding technique (µ¿°áÃʹÚÀýÆí¹ý)
Cryosections on carboncoated formvar copper grids are floated on drops of ;
1) 2% gelatin in PB (phosphate buffer pH 7.4 0.1M) - 10min
2) 0.02 M glycine in PBS - (3x1min)
3) 0.1% BSA in PBS(PBS/BSA 0.1%) - 1min
4) Specific antibody diluted in PBS/BSA 1.0%. Drops of appr.5¥ìl containing 5-20¥ìg/ml specific antibody are sufficient to incubate one grid - (¡Ã30min)
5) Wash on PBS/BSA 0.1% - (¡Ã4 x 1min)
6) Only if specific antibodies with weak binding capacity for protein A are used, like sheep and goat IgG and some monoclonals, or when an enhancement of the gold signal is desired . Bridging antibody (rabbit anti goat, sheep or mouse,swine anti rabbit) diluted in PBS/BSA 1.0% - ( ¡Ã30min)
7) Protein A gold, diluted as incubated for each batch in PBS/BSA 1.0%. Drops 10-20¥ìl per grid. Gold probe dilutions are made fresh and used immediately. - ( ¡Ã30min)
8) Wash PBS/BSA 0.1% - (1 x 5min)
wash PBS - (4 x 5 min)
9) Stabilize the reaction on 1% glutaraldehyde in PBS - (5min)
10) Wash on PBS - (2 x 5min)
11) In case of double labelling (3,4)repeat steps 3-9 with different antibody, protein A gold combination after a 5 x 2 min rinse with PBS/glycine. Be careful when step 6 is included, since the two reactions may interact.
12) Distilled water (fresh, not from plastic bench-bottles)- (5 x 2 min)
13) Ice cold 1.8% methyl cellulose (25 ctp)/ 0.4% uranyl acetate (MC-UA) (5,6) - (¡Ã5min)
14) Loop out the grids and reduce the MC-UA to an even thin film, and let it dry.
Never let the grid become wet on the back surface or dry out during the incubation procedure.
Resin embedded sections are incubated in the same way, except that:
- BSA may be replaced by 5-10% fetal calf serum (FCS), or a 10 min incubation on PBS/FCS prior to the procedure may be added.
- Antibody and protein A gold incubation periods are prolonged to ¡Ã60min.
- Washing in distilled water (step 12) is prolonged to ¡Ã60min.
- Osmium and/or lead contrasting methods usually replace the MC-UA embedding steps 13 and 14.
4. Scanning electron microscope technique
(after Hodges et al. 1984)
1) Selet tissue according to the aims of the study and carry out pre-fixation in weak aldehyde
2) Wash speciments(3 x 5min) with phosphate-buffered(0.01 M, pH 7.2) saline(0.15M) containing 1 % bovine serum albumin(PBS/BSA)
3) Incubate tissue with PBS containing 1% gelatin (10min)
4) Incubate tissue with PBS containing 0.02M glycine (3min)
5) incubate tissue with primary antibody diluted with PBS/BSA(1h)
6) Wash specimens (3 x 5min) with PBS/BSA
7) Incubate with gold probe diluted in PBS/BSA (1h)
8) Wash specimens (3 x 5min) with PBS/BSA
9) Fix specimens in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, buffered with 0.05M sodium cacodylate pH 7.2
10) Post-fix in 1% aqueous osmium tetroxide (1-2h) or process through the thisemicarbazide-osmium tetroxide schedule (Murphy 1980)
11) Dehydrate in a graded series of ethanol, or aceton, critical point dry, deposit a thin conductive coating as necessary
then examine using either secondary or backscattered electrons.
5. Negative stain technique
(after Beesley et al. 1984)
1) Dry sample on to Butvar/carbon-coated 400mesh gold grid
2) Float on droplet of antiserum diluted with PB(0.01M, pH 7.2) saline(0.15M) containing 1% BSA, PBS BSA(15min)
3) Wash (4 x 1 min) by floating on droplets of PBS BSA
4) Float on gold probe diluted with PBS BSA (15min)
5) Wash by floating on droplets of water (4 x 1 min)
6) Negative stain, e.g. ammonium molybdate 1%, pH 6.8
6. Replica technique
(after Mannweiler et al. 1982)
1) Cells cultured on coverslips are lightly fixed with aldehyde
2) Incubate(1h) with antibody diluted with PB(0.01M, pH 7.2) saline (0.15M) containing 1% BSA, (PBS BSA)
3) Wash (4 x 1 min) by floating on droplets of PBS BSA
4) Incubate (1h) with gold probe diluted with PBS BSA
5) Wash (4 x 5min) with PBS BSA
6) Wash with a suitable EM buffer such as 0.05M sodium cacodylate pH 7.2 then post-fix with 2% aqueous osmium tetroxide
7) Dehydrate with ethenol
8) Critical point dry
9) Replicate with carbon and platinum before examination
7. Freeze-fracture technique
Critical point drying fracture-label
(after Pinto da Silva et al. 1981,1986)
1) Fix cells with 1% glutaraldehyde in phosphate-buffered isotonic saline, pH 7.4, 30min at 4¡É.
2) Embed (if a cell suspension)in 15 or 30% BSA at 25¡É and gel with 1% glutaraldehyde for 30 min at 25¡É
3) Slice gel into 1 x 2 x 2 mm pieces and impregnate gradually with 30 % glycerol (1h)
4) Freeze in Freon 22 cooled by liquid N©ü
5) Transfer gels or tissues to a petri dish filled with liquid N©üplaced on top of liquid N©ü /solid carbon dioxide slush
6) Fracture specimen with liquid N©ü-cooled scalpel
7) Remove glass container to room temperature and allow nitrogen to reduce to 1/10 original.
8) Add 2 to 3 ml of glycerol-glutaraldehyde in buffer in liquid form.
9) Immerse glass container briefly in water bath at 30¡É to thaw glycerol.
10) Transfer to an ice bucket for 15min.
11) Deglycerinate and quench aldehyde groups by dropwise addition of 310 mOsmol sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5 containing 1mM glycyl-glycine.
12) Wash twice with PBS.
13) Incubate fractured tissue or gels with 250§¶ §¢】©öconcanavalin A in PBS containing 0.5M CaCl©ü for 30 min at 25¡É.
14) Wash in PBS.
15) Incubate overnaght at 4¡É with colloidal gold complexed with horseradish peroxidase.
16) Wash in PBS
17) Post-fix in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide, 2h at 4¡É.
18) Dehydrate in ethanol and crital point dry with ethanol/ carbon dioxide.
19) Attach gels, fracture side uppermost with double-sided sticky tape to specimen carrier and shadow with platinum and carbon and reinforce replica with carbon film.
20) Digest tissue in sodium hypochlorite.
21) Wash replicas with D.W, mount on Formvar-coated grids and view.
Thin-section fracture-label technique for the detection of concanavalin A binding sites(after Piter da Silva et al. 1986)
1) Fix cells with 1% glutaraldehyde in phosphate-buffered isotonic saline, pH 7.4, 30min at 4¡É.
2) Embed (if a cell suspension)in 15 or 30% BSA at 25¡É and gel with 1% glutaraldehyde for 30 min at 25¡É
3) Slice gel into 1 x 2 x 2 mm pieces and impregnate gradually with 30 % glycerol (1h)
4) Freeze in Freon 22 cooled by liquid N©ü
5) Place the gels in a glass container (e.g. the base of a tissue homogenizer) filled with liquid nitrogen and cooled in a slush of liquid nitrogen and solid carbon dioxide.
6) Add drops of a 30% glycerol, 1% glutaraldehyde solution in 310 mOsmol phosphate buffer pH 7.5, in an amount approximately equal to that of the gels or tissue. Allow this and the gels to sediment.
7) Fracture gels with a glass pestle at -190¡É until pulverized into fine fragments.
8) Remove glass container to room temperature and allow nitrogen to reduce to 1/10 original.
9) Add 2 to 3 ml of glycerol-glutaraldehyde in buffer in liquid form.
10) Immerse glass container briefly in water bath at 30¡É to thaw glycerol.
11) Transfer to an ice bucket for 15min.
12) Deglycerinate and quench aldehyde groups by dropwise addition of 310 mOsmol sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5 containing 1mM glycyl-glycine.
13) Wash twice with PBS.
14) Incubate fractured tissue or gels with 250§¶ §¢】©öconcanavalin A in PBS containing 0.5M CaCl©ü for 30 min at 25¡É.
15) Wash in PBS.
16) Incubate overnaght at 4¡É with colloidal gold complexed with horseradish peroxidase.
17) Wash in PBS
18) Post-fix in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide, 2h at 4¡É.
19) Tertiary fix with 0.5§· §¢】©ö uranyl acetate in veronal acetate pH 6.0, 90min at room temperature.
20) Dehydrate in a graded series of ethanol or aceton and embed in resin of choice.
21) Cut thick sections to determine required area for EM observation
22) Cut ultrathin sections, stain with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examine.